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CONISBROUGH CASTLE

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Conisbrough Castle is a castle whose main component is a 28 metre high cylindrical tower with six solid wedge-shaped buttresses. The tower consists of several floors, access is currently gained via a modern outer staircase leading to the entrance floor circa 5 metres off the ground. A well shaft drops from the entrance floor down into the basement floor below. An interior staircase leads to the upper floors, the positions of which are marked by garderobes and, on the second floor, a thirteenth or fourteenth century fireplace. Surrounding the tower to the north, west and south is a curtain wall enclosing a grassed-over bailey containing well-shafts, a blocked sally-port and the wall footings of ancillary buildings. A modern ramp on the west side overlies the original walled approach to the bailey which leads from a ruined gate-tower. Surrounding the whole is a ditch circa 10 metres deep and circa 20 metres wide and a steeply scarped rampart. The castle is situated on a natural slope and is one of several that, in the Middle Ages, commanded the Don Valley. The site was part of the honour of Conisbrough given to Earl Warenne by his father-in-law William the Conqueror. The castle was built during the twelfth century and remained in the hands of the de Warennes until the reign of Edward III when it passed to Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, and to his descendants. Elizabeth I granted the castle and its demesne to her cousin, Lord Hunsden, since when it has passed through several owners. It has been in State care since 1950.

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URL:	http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=318744
MONUMENT NUMBER:	318744	COUNTY:	SOUTH YORKSHIRE
NMR NUMBER:	SK 59 NW 5	DISTRICT:	DONCASTER
LAST UPDATED:	2010	PARISH:	CONISBROUGH
		AREA:	N/A
		STREET:	N/A
		MARITIME LOCATION:	N/A
		LOCATION:	SK 5149 9881

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[SK 5147 9890] Conisbrough Castle [G.T.] Moat [G.T.] (Track of). (1)

The earthworks belonging to Conisbrough Castle are of the motte and bailey type and are in good preservation. Motte is very large being 3/4 acre in area and 50 ft. high; whether it is artificial or formed of scarping a natural hill cannot be ascertained without excavation. The motte is large enough for a small ward as well as a keep. It is surrounded by a wide ditch, the bank on the counterscarp being very fine. The bailey has not preserved its earthworks so well and its area cannot be easily determined, but it seems to have had no defences of masonry.
There is no early Norman masonry on the motte; the keep was built byEarl Hamelin Plantagenent at the end of the 12th cent. There can be little doubt that the earthwork belonged to one of the castles of the Conquest. (Plan). (2)

The earliest owner of whom we have an authentic record was Harold, son of Earl Godwin. At the time of the Domesday Survey, Conisbrough belonged to William de Warren, son-in-law of William the Conqueror. The castle was kept as a private fief of the Crown until c.1486 from which time we may begin to date the gradual decay of the castle. The site of the castle is overlooked by a hill on the west and across the ravine thus formed a drawbridge appears to have been thrown and this led to the castle's only entrance. (3)

Conisbrough Castle: The modern name Conisbrough is probably only an altered form of the Anglo-Saxon Cyningesburh (the King's `burh'). To which king this refers is uncertain. Conisbrough was not a royal estate in 1002, but at the time of the Conquest the manor was held by King Harold. It is possible that the earth and timber defences of the pre-Conquest 'burh' were incorporated in those of the first Norman castle.

At the time of Domesday Book, Conisbrough was held by Earl William de Warenne, who probably laid out and shaped the earthworks of the castle as they are today. At first they would have been crowned by palisades, towers and buildings, of timber construction. Earl Hamelin Plantagenet, who held Conisbrough from 1163 to 1202, probably transformed it into the great stone-built castle. It is likely that the keep was built. c. 1180-90, followed by the curtain wall shortly afterwards. The first two written references to the castle are of about this date. After 1446, the castle seems to have gone slowly out of use; b y Tudor times it was ruinous. A survey of January, 1538, records that the gates, bridge, and 180 feet of curtain wall, had fallen. Conisbrough
was incapable of defence in the Civil War, and escaped slighting by the Parliamentarians. [See AO/59/315/6 for plan]. (4)

A 25" A.M. survey has been made of the castle and its components. See GPs 53/19/6 & 7. (5)

Survey of 5-2-60, unchanged.

Conisbrough Castle (Remains of) (late 12th cent.)

COMPONENTS OF 1:2500 SURVEY ATTACHED:

COMPONENT No.
Motte and late 12th.c. Keep (rems). 37
Castle Wall (remains) 38
Bailey (Prob. remains) 39
Inner Ward. Md. Buildings (remains) 40
Moat 41
Tower (remains) 42
Tower (remains) 43
Tower (remains) 44
Tower (remains) 45
Barbican (remains) 46 (6)

Conisbrough Castle. Built probably c.1170 for Henry II's half-brother Hamelin to resemble his castle at Mortemer, Normandy. Ashlar keep, inner ward walls of coursed rubble. First circular tower keep in England, 4 storeys and 90 feet high, with 6 rectangular butresses. Inner ward walls have small circular towers, - earliest post-Roman defensive examples. King John received here by Hamelin in 1201. Keep now lacks battlements and roof, ward walls ruined and for about a quarter of their length destroyed.
Ancient Monument in the charge of the Ministry of Works. N.B.R., VCH. II pp. 28-30. (7)

Excavation from 1967-69 uncovered the remains of a single aisled hall located along the north side of the bailey and revealed the various building phases of the castle. (8-9)

Report on the excavations carried out from 1973-77. (10)

Conisbrough Castle. Keep of c.1180, curtain walls built soon after; later medieval additions and alterations. Grade I. (11)

Additional references. (12-16)

SK 5146 9889. Conisbrough Castle. It is a tower keep castle whose main component is a 28m high cylindrical tower with six solid wedge-shaped buttresses. The tower consists of several floors, access presently being gained via a modern outer staircase leading to the entrance floor c. 5m off the ground. This staircase has replaced an original timber structure whose stone footings can be seen below. A well shaft drops from the entrance floor down into the basement floor
below. An interior staircase leads to the upper floors, the positions of which are marked by garderobes and, on the second floor, a thirteenth or fourteenth century fireplace flanked by triple shafts with carved capitals. Surrounding the tower to the north, west and south is a curtain wall enclosing a grassed-over bailey containing well-shafts, a blocked sally-port and the wall-footings of ancillary buildings. A modern ramp on the west side overlies the original walled approach to the bailey which leads from a ruined gatetower. Surrounding the whole is a ditch c. 10m deep and c. 20m wide and a steeply scarped rampart. (17)

Listed by Cathcart King. (18)

Listed as a royal castle from the reign of Richard III. (19)

Conservation statement. (20)

A medieval castle, motte, moat and related earthworks are visible as a structure and earthworks on air photographs at SK 5145 9888.

The castle is visible as a structure sited on a motte which is surrounded by the moat. Other related earthworks were also mapped.
(21-22)

Conisbrough castle is one of South Yorkshire's best examples of military architecture. The castle is thought to have have partly inspired Sir Walter Scott's novel "Ivanhoe". (23)

SOURCE TEXT

( 1) Ordnance Survey Map (Scale / Date)

OS 6" 1928-48

( 2) edited by William Page 1912 The Victoria history of the county of York, volume two

The Victoria history of the counties of England Page(s)28-30

( 3) General reference

Waddington F, 1909: The Abbeys and Castles of Yorkshire; pp28-30

( 4) General reference

Thompson MW, 1959: 'Conisbrough Castle'; Ministry of Works Guidebook.

( 5) Field Investigators Comments

F1 ECW 05-FEB-60

( 6) Field Investigators Comments

F2 RWE 04-JAN-65

( 7) List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest

Provisional List Conisbrough UD, OCT-1960 Page(s)1

(8) Medieval archaeology : journal of the Society for Medieval Archaeology

M W Thompson 12, 1968 Page(s)153

(9) Medieval archaeology : journal of the Society for Medieval Archaeology

M W Thompson 13, 1969 Page(s)215-6

(10) The Yorkshire archaeological journal

S Johnson 52, 1980 Page(s)59-88

(11) List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest

Doncaster, 26-NOV-1987 Page(s)12-13

(12) by Geo T Clark 1884 Medieval military architecture in England. Volume 1

Page(s)431-35

(13) by John L Illingworth 1970 Yorkshire's ruined castles : an account of their history, asssociations and architecture with a chapter on the fortified houses of the county

Page(s)36-44

(14) D F Renn 1968 Norman Castles in Britain

Page(s)155-7

(15) Royal Archaeological Institute The archaeological journal

M W Thompson 125, 1968 Page(s)327-8

(16) by Stephen Johnson 1984 Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire

(17) Scheduled Monument Notification

03-SEP-1992

(18) David J Cathcart King 1983 Castellarium anglicanum : an index and bibliography of the castles in England, Wales and the Islands. Volume II : Norfolk-Yorkshire and the islands

2 Page(s)515-6

(19) R Allen Brown, H M Colvin and A J Taylor 1963 The history of the King's Works, volume 2 : the Middle Ages

Page(s)616

(20) English Heritage Yorkshire Region Conservation Statements

Conisbrough Castle, Oct-2002

(21) Vertical aerial photograph reference number

NMR OS/89258 0015 11-Jun-1989

(22) Oblique aerial photograph reference number

NMR SK5198/27-29 (17294/44-46) 08-Jul-1999

(23) 2009 English Heritage Visitor Handbook 2009/10

Page(s)203

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MONUMENT TYPES

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MEDIEVAL CURTAIN WALL 1100 to 1199

MEDIEVAL KEEP AND BAILEY CASTLE 1100 to 1199

MEDIEVAL MOAT 1100 to 1199

MEDIEVAL MOTTE 1100 to 1199

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